{"id":27305,"date":"2021-01-26T12:44:57","date_gmt":"2021-01-26T12:44:57","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.horbiter.com\/roman-numerals-in-watchmaking\/"},"modified":"2025-06-07T07:51:34","modified_gmt":"2025-06-07T05:51:34","slug":"roman-numerals-in-watchmaking","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.horbiter.com\/en\/roman-numerals-in-watchmaking\/","title":{"rendered":"Roman Numerals in fine watchmaking"},"content":{"rendered":"<h2 id=\"intro\">Intro<\/h2>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">Did you ever wonder where Roman numerals origin from and how are they used on a wristwatch\u2019s dial? Back in time, during the Roman Empire, <strong>Roman numerals<\/strong> were adopted on meridians, while they decorate today a classic watch\u2019s most beloved dials, and are a primary choice on classic-looking <strong>tourbillon<\/strong> or <strong>minute repeater<\/strong> watches.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">Conversely, <strong>sports watches<\/strong> preferably showcase Arabic numerals instead or no numerals at all, as that\u2019s the case with a <strong>professional divers<\/strong>\u2018<strong> watch<\/strong>, where broad and highly-glowing applied indexes are used. The <strong>Roman numerals<\/strong> originally appeared as a mean to perform calculations in a simple, easy-to-manage way across different social classes, in an age where higher education was restricted to a selected group of people.<\/p>\n<h2 id=\"where-does-the-roman%c2%a0numeric%c2%a0system-originate\">Where does the Roman\u00a0numeric\u00a0system originate?<\/h2>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">The <strong>Roman numeric system<\/strong> origins from the engraving of notches on a piece of material: figure \u201c<strong>I<\/strong>\u201d stands for one, figure \u201c<strong>II<\/strong>\u201d for two and so on, up to figure \u201c<strong>V<\/strong>\u201d that stands for number five and symbolizes an open hand (i.e., five fingers), while figure \u201c<strong>X<\/strong>\u201d stands for ten that signifies two open hands. Intriguing, isn\u2019t it?<\/p>\n<p><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"aligncenter\" style=\"width: 100%;\" title=\"audemars-piguet-millenary-hand-wound\" src=\"\/media\/CACHE\/images\/uploads\/audemars-piguet-millenary-hand-wound.9c7b9324dcda.jpg\" alt=\"audemars piguet millenary hand-wound\"><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">The origin of <strong>Roman numerals<\/strong> has a substantial symbolic value. The number five and its multiples all feature dedicated symbols, and when numbers smaller than ten occur, the <strong>subtractive notation<\/strong> is adopted.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">Oddly, the number four can be found in two alternative forms, either as <strong>IIII<\/strong>, according to the <strong>additive notation<\/strong>, or with the figure \u201c<strong>IV<\/strong>,\u201d according to the <strong>subtractive notation<\/strong>; this is a specific case that has a historical explanation.<\/p>\n<p><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"aligncenter\" style=\"width: 100%;\" title=\"cartier-rotonde-de-cartier-astromysterieux-1\" src=\"\/media\/CACHE\/images\/uploads\/cartier-rotonde-de-cartier-astromysterieux-1.b32288ab90d1.jpg\" alt=\"cartier rotonde de cartier astromysterieux 1\"><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">If we take a look at a classic watch\u2019s dial, like a <strong>Santos de Cartier<\/strong>, for example, we reckon the brand extensively uses <strong>Roman numerals<\/strong> as a design factor; the brand\u2019s designers opted for the <strong>additive notation<\/strong>, vice versa a few brands have gone for the <strong>subtractive notation<\/strong>.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">During the Roman age, the <strong>additive notation<\/strong> regarding number four was mean to avoid offending <strong>Jupiter<\/strong>, whose initials, in Latin, are <strong>I<\/strong> and <strong>V<\/strong> (IVPPITER). Another possible explanation is that <strong>Roman numerals<\/strong> that use the <strong>additive notation<\/strong> were, again, easier to use by poorly educated people, who were less or not familiar at all with maths.<\/p>\n<figure style=\"width: 769px\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" style=\"width: 100%;\" title=\"peace-tower-clock\" src=\"\/media\/CACHE\/images\/uploads\/peace-tower-clock.37cf3c9e02b3.jpg\" alt=\"peace tower clock\" width=\"769\" height=\"1025\"><figcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Source: (Photo by John Talbot from Ottawa, Canada \u2013 Peace Tower Clock, CC BY 2.0, https:\/\/commons.wikimedia.org\/w\/index.php?curid=3788284)<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">It wasn\u2019t until the late <strong>Middle Ages<\/strong> that the number <strong>IV<\/strong> progressively replaced number <strong>IIII<\/strong>, and that\u2019s the reason why the majority of striking clocks across <strong>Europe<\/strong>, like the <strong>Big Ben<\/strong> in <strong>London<\/strong> or the <strong>Kremlin Clock<\/strong> in <strong>Moscow<\/strong>, show the number <strong>IV<\/strong> on their big dials. However, there are exceptions to the rule mentioned above: the <strong>Peace Tower<\/strong>, in <strong>Ottawa<\/strong>,\u00a0shows the number <strong>IIII<\/strong> instead.<\/p>\n<h2 style=\"text-align: justify;\" id=\"how-the-roman%c2%a0numeric%c2%a0system-applies-to-wristwatches\">How the Roman\u00a0numeric\u00a0system applies to wristwatches.<\/h2>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">The <strong>Roman\u00a0numeric\u00a0system<\/strong>,\u00a0according to the <strong>additive notation<\/strong>, is the primary option to most watch brands since it guarantees better aesthetic balance at first sight.<\/p>\n<p><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"aligncenter\" style=\"width: 100%;\" title=\"cartier-drive-de-cartier\" src=\"\/media\/CACHE\/images\/uploads\/cartier-drive-de-cartier.951e54229354.jpg\" alt=\"cartier drive de cartier\"><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">If we carefully observe a <a href=\"https:\/\/www.horbiter.com\/en\/cartier-drive-de-cartier-moon-phase-watch-hands-on\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><strong>Drive de Cartier<\/strong><\/a>\u2018s dial from up-close, it looks like the dial can be formally split into three thirds: the first third includes <strong>Roman numerals<\/strong> from <strong>I<\/strong> to <strong>IIII<\/strong>, the second sector from <strong>V<\/strong> to <strong>VIII<\/strong>, and, finally, the last one covers from <strong>IX<\/strong> to <strong>XII<\/strong>.<\/p>\n<p><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"aligncenter\" style=\"width: 100%;\" title=\"cartier-santos-de-cartier-skeleton\" src=\"\/media\/CACHE\/images\/uploads\/cartier-santos-de-cartier-skeleton.6c4bdb0e1dba.jpg\" alt=\"cartier santos de cartier skeleton\"><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">In my opinion, this rule is successful when numerals are big and bold, as on a <strong>Cartier<\/strong> watch, but not all brands abide by this rule.<\/p>\n<p><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"aligncenter\" style=\"width: 100%;\" title=\"moser-heritage-perpetual-moon\" src=\"\/media\/CACHE\/images\/uploads\/moser-heritage-perpetual-moon.d934db707259.jpg\" alt=\"moser heritage perpetual moon\"><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><strong>Moser<\/strong> watches, for example, has chosen figure <strong>IV<\/strong> instead, on its <strong>Heritage Perpetual<\/strong>, <strong>Moon<\/strong> and <strong>Tourbillon<\/strong> complicated watches, and their overall balance is excellent.<\/p>\n<h2 style=\"text-align: justify;\" id=\"here-is-a-brilliant-example-of-a-watch-showcasing-roman-numerals\">Here is a brilliant example of a watch showcasing Roman numerals.<\/h2>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">If I had to mention an excellent example of a timepiece featuring <strong>Roman numerals<\/strong>, I would rate the <strong>Rolex Day<\/strong>\u2013<strong>Date 40<\/strong> at first place. With this exclusive collection, <strong>Rolex<\/strong> introduced a rather modern and original take on <strong>Roman numerals<\/strong>\u2018 design.<\/p>\n<p><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"aligncenter\" style=\"width: 100%;\" title=\"rolex-day-date-40-228238-yellow-gold\" src=\"\/media\/CACHE\/images\/uploads\/rolex-day-date-40-228238-yellow-gold.46719693106a.jpg\" alt=\"rolex day date 40 228238 yellow gold\"><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">The brand adopted the additive notation to create a striking and bold dial featuring multi-faceted indexes, mated to various dials, including their signature <strong>Wimbledon green dial<\/strong>, thus making <strong>ref<\/strong>. <strong>228238<\/strong> pictured above, and its siblings, some of the most charming gold watches on the market.<\/p>\n<p>(Photo credit: Horbiter\u00ae, Rolex)<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: right;\">Gaetano C @Horbiter\u00ae<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Intro Did you ever wonder where Roman numerals origin from and how are they used on a wristwatch\u2019s dial? Back in time, during the Roman Empire, Roman numerals were adopted on meridians, while they decorate today a classic watch\u2019s most beloved dials, and are a primary choice on classic-looking tourbillon or minute repeater watches. Conversely, [&#8230;]<\/p>\n<p><a class=\"btn btn-secondary understrap-read-more-link\" href=\"https:\/\/www.horbiter.com\/en\/roman-numerals-in-watchmaking\/\">Read More&#8230;<span class=\"screen-reader-text\"> from Roman Numerals in fine watchmaking<\/span><\/a><\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":2,"featured_media":15090,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_acf_changed":false,"inline_featured_image":false,"footnotes":""},"categories":[584],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-27305","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-passion-for-watches"],"acf":[],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO plugin v26.1.1 - https:\/\/yoast.com\/wordpress\/plugins\/seo\/ -->\n<title>Roman Numerals in fine watchmaking<\/title>\n<meta name=\"description\" content=\"Do you know why do the watches adopt number III instead of number IV on their dial? 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